Abstract
Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 18 (USP18) is a deISGylation enzyme and antineoplastic target. To develop USP18 inhibitors, an enzymatically active human recombinant USP18 protein was engineered suitable for high-throughput screening of ~80,000 chemical compounds. Three of them substantially inhibited USP18 enzymatic activity with β-lapachone having prominent antineoplastic activity. Independent β-lapachone treatments of murine and human lung cancer cell lines statistically-significantly reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Gain of USP18 expression antagonized these effects. β-lapachone treatments statistically-significantly repressed lung cancer xenograft growth. β-lapachone increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), but antineoplastic effects occurred at dosages with negligible ROS production. ROS scavenger treatments did not rescue β-lapachone effects at these concentrations, consistent with an ROS-independent mechanism. Interferon-Stimulated Response Element (ISRE) reporter assays following β-lapachone treatment activated this reporter. USP18 co-transfection antagonized this activity. β-lapachone treatments increased global ISGylation. RNA sequencing of lung cancer cells engineered with or without enhanced USP18 expression showed specific pathways affected by β-lapachone treatment. Proteomic analysis of these treated cells revealed known and new ISGylated proteins. In silico modeling identified a unique USP18 pocket where these USP18 inhibitors bind. Engineered mutation of this pocket disrupted β-lapachone activity. Taken together, β-lapachone is an antineoplastic tool compound useful for USP18 inhibitor development.
Authors
Blessing O. Ogunlade, Kevin N. Dalby, Samuel C. Okpechi, Eun Jeong Cho, Liliya Tyutyunyk-Massey, Zibo Chen, Xiuxia Liu, Joseph Ivanic, Brian Luke, Shyamal D. Desai, Yair Alfaro, Ashwini K. Devkota, Rae M. Sammons, Gilbert G. Privé, Xi Liu, Ethan Dmitrovsky
