ResearchIn-Press PreviewEndocrinologyNephrology
Open Access | 
10.1172/jci.insight.204385
Not all reference samples are equal in single-cell transcriptomics of human kidney tissue
Rajasree Menon,1 Paul L. Kimmel,2 Edgar A. Otto,3 Lalita Subramanian,3 Christopher L. O'Connor,3 Bradley Godfrey,3 Cathy Smith,3 Fadhl Alakwaa,3 Celine C. Berthier,3 Minnie M. Sarwal,4 E. Steve Woodle,5 Laura Pyle,6 Ye Ji Choi,6 Patricia Ladd,7 John R. Sedor,8 Sylvia E. Rosas,9 Sushrut S. Waikar,10 Abhijit S. Naik,3 Ricardo Melo Ferreira,11 Michael T. Eadon,11 Markus Bitzer,3 Petter Bjornstad,6 Jeffrey B. Hodgin,12 and Matthias Kretzler13
1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
2Department of Medicine, Geoge Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
3Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
4Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
5Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States of America
6Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
7Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States of America
8Medical Specialties and Lerner Research Institutes, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
9Kidney and Hypertension unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
10Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
11Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
12Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
13Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States of America
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Published May 20, 2026 - More info
Copyright © 2026, Menon et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
