ResearchIn-Press PreviewImmunology
Open Access | 
10.1172/jci.insight.203119
Tracking GAD-specific T-cell expansions in Type 1 diabetes by intradermal GAD-Alum challenge
Stephanie J. Hanna,1 Emma J.S. Robinson,1 Terri C. Thayer,1 Maki Nakayama,2 Laurie Landry,2 Robert Andrews,1 Garry Dolton,1 Joanne Davies,1 Evangelia Williams,3 James A. Pearson,4 Andrew K. Sewell,1 Parth Narendran,4 David Wraith,4 Alexandra Howell,1 Philippa Young,5 Mary Hart,6 Anton Lindqvist,7 F. Susan Wong,1 Tim I.M. Tree,3 Colin M. Dayan,4 and Danijela Tatovic4
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Nakayama, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Andrews, R. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Davies, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Williams, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Pearson, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sewell, A.
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1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Narendran, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Wraith, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Howell, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Young, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Hart, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Lindqvist, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wong, F.
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1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Tree, T. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by
Dayan, C.
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1Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
2Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, United States of America
3Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
4Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5Breast Test Wales, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
7Diamyd Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Find articles by Tatovic, D. in: PubMed | Google Scholar
Published September 1, 2026 - More info
Copyright © 2026, Hanna et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
